Tag Archives: swaraowa

15Apr/26

Wild Siberut: Eleven Days, Four Primates, Seventy-Two Birds

Blog Post, , , , ,

All four Siberut primates seen in our exploration. Fom left to right: bilou, simakobu, bokoi, and joja.

written by : Imam Taufiqurrahman

With a ‘clean sweep’ of all four Siberut primates, my 11 days journey with Heru Fitriyadi to Siberut Island, Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, is so astonishing. Joja the Siberut Langur and simakobu Pig-tailed Langur, seen in Southwest Siberut. In South Siberut, we saw bilou Kloss’s Gibbon. While in North Siberut, all four of them, include bokoi or Siberut Macaque, the hardest one.

To complete, a group of Long-tailed Macaque and five other mammals sum up to total of at least 9 mammal species in our list: Spinner Dolphin, Siberut Flying Squirrel, Mentawai Squirrel, Intermediate Roundleaf Bat and some difficult taxa: rats.
For birds, of course, 72 species we saw is so overwhelming. Three of them became my lifer: Ruddy Kingfisher, Storm’s Stork and the Critically Endangered Silvery Wood Pigeon. I don’t know how many lifers Heru has.This journey was actually a combination of duty, cultural experience, and wildlife watching—with a big of luck by some coincidental situations. From 10th-20th February 2026, we spent 2 days in Southwest Siberut, 5 days in South Siberut and 4 days in North Siberut.

As part of the duty, we were asked to speak in a workshop on wildlife ecotourism in Southwest Siberut, facilitated by SwaraOwa. And as the workshop only held for two days, we had plans to continue to visit Siberut NP in the north. This actually may only need about a 5-7 days trip. But, it spanned up to 11 days in total.

Southwest Siberut

Long-tailed Macaque

Spinner Dolphin

In less than an hour after the Mentawai Fast on board, two mammals were seen. The first was a group of Long-tailed Macaque, foraging along the estuary. Seeing them is a bonus, as we were not expecting to see it, just kind of a welcome drink. While in the open sea, a couple groups of dolphins. We only able to take a poor documentation of a group of Spinner Dolphin, as the ferry’s speed did not allowed us to got a good moment.

However, I am quite confident for the dolphin’s id, as they have a quite long rostrum. But, any other suggestions are welcome. A study published in recently reveals the open sea around Padang and Mentawai Islands as a cetacean hotspot, where they found 10 species. Well, that’s almost 1/3 of cetacean species recorded in Indonesia! Surely very potential to develop a whale watching spot.

While for the birds, mostly seabirds seen. We saw at least White-winged, Black-naped and Bridled Tern that confidently id in clear. In one of the small islands off Padang, Heru pointed out a White-bellied Sea-Eagle soaring.
After six hours on board, Mas Yoyok, our local team, picked us up in Maileppet, South Siberut. Soon after, we met our other team members and local partners. Seven of us took a pompong boat to Toloulaggo, Southwest Siberut, where the workshop will be held on the next day.

SwaraOwa has initiated wildlife watching, primarily primate and bird watching, and conservation activities in the subvillage since 2016. This workshop will mark a decade of the initiative and hopefully can bring the wildlife watching ecotourism in the subvillage to the next step.To scale up the initiative, more broader communities are involved, up to village level. Through this workshop, we facilitated a discussion forum for the local communities. To hear their thoughts, ideas and plans about what’s best.

Ruddy Kingfisher

Mentawai Flying Squirrel

Joja we saw in Toloulaggo

To get to the subvillage, we were passing through the Monaci Canal—named after Italian priest, Ottorino Monaci, who initiated the construction of the canal during six years (1985-1991). This 1.5 kilometers waterway is a monumental work that cuts the long and dangerous route through the open sea. Safe and efficient. For us, there’s another advantage. Thanks to the priest and its students, this mangroves surrounding the canal enabled us to birding along. A Copper-throated Sunbird, Greater Coucal, Ruddy and Stork-billed Kingfisher are among the highlights.

At night in Toloulaggo, we spotlighted through the plantation to look for the Mentawai Flying Squirrel. We saw two individuals. No sighting of Mentawai Scops-owl, despite some birds being already heard so close.

The dawn chorus of bilou enliven the morning. But, we had no sufficient time to look for it as the workshop opened in the morning. We only took our short morning time by boat to look for joja along the beach and found a group feeding at a tree close to the cliff. We watched them from a quite distance, resulting in not a good image. But, still a great experience we had.

The workshop was held in success, with the villagers deciding to take the opportunity in developing the wildlife tourism in their village. They agreed to form a community-based tourism organization. The chief village, the chief of sub-villages, religious leaders, traditional figures, headmaster, and young people attended the workshop and discussed the potential of wildlife ecotourism. Full report of the workshop written by mas Yoyok (in Bahasa), can be read here https://swaraowa.blogspot.com/2026/03/memperkuat-akar-konservasi-workshop.html.

Simakobu or Pig-tailed Langur

Cruising along the Monaci Canal

The rain fell right after the workshop ended. Even heavier until night. We waited, but then decided not to go out. The heavy rain also happened in North Siberut and became a catastrophe, as you can read it later. The next morning was promising. We went on trails for wildlife watching. Ismael that walked in front said saw bilou. But, not our luck. We then splitted up. Ismael led four of us to a more deep forest, while the other group led by Vincen followed the trail to our shelter. Just about a couple of minutes later, Ismael signed us something. Turned out, a simakobu sitting nicely. Just only about 10 meters! We had this long face to face moment. The infant joined, until the group went away. It was breathtaking.

On our way to catched up the other group, calls of bokoi were heard. But, we didn’t have more time to spend. With two primates seen and the other two heard, the village surely has a big potention. All of the four Siberut primates—with their simple, but really cool names—joja, bokoi, simakobu and bilou are there! We leave the village in the afternoon, with hope the community-based tourism can be grown.

South Siberut

Actually, we were intended to stay in South Siberut for two days. But, turned out spanned until two more nights. During the first two days, we decided to visit one of our survey area. Mas Yoyok told us about the chance for bilou there. We didn’t wait. On the next day, we visited the forest. But, unsuccess. We spent the afternoon by birding along the estuary to join the Asian Waterbird Cencus. Ruddy Turnstone, Terek and Common Sandpiper, Greater Sandplover and Pacific Golden Plover gathered in flock are some that we saw.

A flock of shorebirds seen in Muara Siberut

Id, please? Photographed by Heru Fitriyadi

The settlements around the estuary were filled with numerous swiftlet houses. As I remembered, the house was still one or two. Well, surely this ancient commodity are still promising. The next day to the cave. It called Roiget-roiget, means bat. The cave is still sacred to the locals. Pak Darius who led us to the place performed a ritual and sang to the holy spirit asked for permission.

Pak Darius prepared the ritual in front of the Roiget-roiget Cave’s entrance

Intermediate Roundleaf Bat. Photographed by Heru Fitriyadi

The cave is big, with a huge entrance. It formed not horizontal nor vertical, but diagonal, with about 30° angle in slope. We tried to be very careful walked down the cave. The good thing is, the floor is not slippery. We encountered numerous bats, but only one species found, the Intermediate Roundleaf Bat. While taking pictures, a small mouse is seen crawling. It’s a small brown mouse, with a long tail (1:1.5) proportion of its body. As our knowledge is far from good about rodents, so any suggested ID is very welcome.

The cave explored less than two hours and we were not deep enough actually. I wish I could explore it more, but me and mas Yoyok had a meeting scheduled already and then continued our journey to Padang. We did not anticipate that our plan was close to two national holidays: Chinese Newyear and also beginning of Ramadhan. Many people plan the same to go back to Padang. As a result, the fast ferry was fully booked and we didn’t get tickets. We decided to stay in Muntei village and took the afternoon for a cultural session. We visited the traditional house of Mentawai, uma. Skull of hunted animals—mostly the primates and also wild boars. Mas Yoyok introduced us to Aman Kesi, his relative who became our interpreteur.

Uma Aman Lima Ko’o

The skulls of wild boars and primates hanging in front of the entrance door.

We took a house tour and Aman Kesi explained uma with details. For example, he said, if the skulls are facing outside, it means the animals were taken from the wild. But in the opposite, if they facing inside the house, wild boars in particular, that’s from livestock. The skulls are not just a house decoration. It is a status symbol for the family or clan owner. It’s a pride and means a lot to Mentawai people.
I wonder, how many primates were killed along three millennials of the Mentawai people existence?
Study by Whitten & Whitten from eight umas in 1980, resulting in almost 2,400 skulls found. Simakobu is the majority and bokoi holds 25% of total kills. Bilou tends to be the lowest. Aman Kesi said, bokoi is the easiest target, as they have big meat and are slow. That’s almost 50 years ago and hunting is still ongoing. No wonder the primates are so sensitive and shy.

The silent bilou

Mentawai Scops-owl

A kailaba puppet hanging in front of the house. For the Mentawai people, they believe that the bird, Oriental Pied Hornbill, is the spirit’s toy. Hanging the puppet in the house can make the good spirit stay. On the next day, we were back to the survey area and this second try was fruitfull. After three and a half hours exploring, we finally saw a group! We experienced ourselves that bilou, the gibbon, can be so silent.

On our last night in South Siberut, we took a chance to look for Mentawai Scops-owl, resulting great success!

North Siberut

Covering almost half of the island, Siberut NP, I must say that the park is one of the mysterious ones. Almost nothing was heard about the park, as a consequence of a long tenurian conflict and rejection. It made the park seem sealed from the outside world. Just last year when SwaraOwa invited the park to share their potential on wildlife—especially primate—watching tourism and invited us to come. They shared their potential and it was so tempting. Here I am now, wanting to prove and experience it by myself. Due to no area in the park for tourism, visit to the park need a special permit called simaksi, a conservation area entry permit. Thanks to Pak Ridho, the head of management area who managed to take care of us and facilitated our visit.

Started the river cruise to Siberut NP

As we were in Southwest Siberut, heavy and long rain also happened in the north. And it was so destructive. The river was flooded and crushed the wooden bridge that connected the villages. That made our journey to the park solely dependent on pompong—for five hours, in rain!

At least six times we had to face fallen trees that cut

We were the first that came to Bekemen after the flood. The last two hours, where the river intersection and became smaller. Six times we faced an obstacle. Fallen trees and we need to ripe them out from the river. It was dark when we finally came to Bekemen research station. Again, not anticipated or even know that the research station was also affected by the floods. More than 1 meter of water, leave a thick mud inside the shelter. The generator was drowned and dead and the water tank gone.
My imagination for having a hot coffee after being cold by rain for 5 hours soon after arriving was gone. We warmed up ourselves by working out to clean up the mud inside the house. Luckily, the stove is still dry and can be used and we also prepared to brought our dinner.

Simakobu, so shy

The next morning, we explored the track. It was hilly, and not an easy trail. The level is more medium to difficult. We saw Simakobu, then a very close call of bokoi. But, just a glimpse without any chance to take a picture. Only Bilou can be photographed as they crosses our path in quick move, but silent.

Bilou

Joja, nicely pose

Mentawai Malkoha

Team in Siberut NP. Photographed by mas Yoyok

Storm’s Stork saw in the estuary

Three nights as in our first plan, turned out to be just one night. After we had our lunch, we decided to go back. Along the river, we saw at least four groups of Joja. Not as first came, this time they allowed us to be photographed.

Ended up our boat journey in the estuary, we encountered a Storm’s Stork perched in a mangroves. The bird was sitting a couple of minutes. Just perfect!

For two days, we explored the town, rural areas and plantation. Hope to get a chance for another Bokoi. Joja is good to see here. We spent the nights in the park’s mess close in Muara Sikabaluan. The area is close to the beach, with a swamp as the back. Early in the morning, we saw Yellow and Black Bittern. The first was not in the island list. No photographed unfortunately. At night, we spotlighted the rurals and plantations. As dark came, Mentawai Squirrels were still active. Heru even saw the pair mating! I think it was not a common behaviour for this diurnal.

The last morning, Bokoi again soo close, but failed to see it. However, the ferry had a troubled engine. We need to wait until the next morning. Our for the Critically Endangered Silvery Pigeon. We saw them perched high at an emergent tree in the swamp forest. Heru, who tried to approached, saw that the birds feed on a fruiting tree.

Silvery wood Pigeon

There were 10 birds sitting on the emergent tree, with six others seen by Heru feeding on a fruiting tree. A red oval shaped fruit. It called sosoken by the villagers. I was so thrilled with the bird and we thought that was our sweet closing. But it was not. The Mentawai Fast that made us—again—waited, turned out, it was our luck. In the afternoon we went back to the swamp forest and saw two of them posed perfectly.

The charming bokoi

We finally got a good view and some good pictures of this beautiful and charming monkey. Now that was the closing to our exploration. A very sweet one.

Mammal list
1. Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis
2. Siberut Macaque Macaca siberu
3. Pig-tailed Langur Simias concolor
4. Siberut Langur Presbytis siberu
5. Kloss’s Gibbon Hylobates klossii
6. Siberut Flying Squirrel Petinomys lugens
7. Mentawai Squirrel Callosciurus melanogaster
8. Intermediate Roundleaf Bat Hipposideros larvatus
9. Spinner Dolphin Stenella longirostris
Unidentified
10. Unidentified rat-1 (cave, S Siberut)
11. Unidentified rat-2 (banana, N Siberut)
12. Unidentified rat-3 (road kill, N Siberut)

Bird list

  1. Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis
  2. Mentawai Malkoha Phaenicophaeus oeneicaudus
  3. Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus
  4. Barusan Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia modiglianii
  5. Silvery Pigeon Columba argentina
  6. Pink-necked Green Pigeon Treron vernans
  7. Thick-billed Green Pigeon Treron curvirostra
  8. Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea
  9. Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva
  10. Tibetan Sand Plover Anarhynchus atrifrons
  11. Greater Sand Plover Anarhynchus leschenaultii
  12. Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus
  13. Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos
  14. Common Redshank Tringa totanus
  15. Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres
  16. Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis
  17. Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus
  18. White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus
  19. Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana
  20. White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus
  21. Storm’s Stork Ciconia stormi
  22. Black Bittern Botaurus flavicollis
  23. Yellow Bittern Botaurus sinensis
  24. Pacific Reef Heron Egretta sacra
  25. Little Heron Butorides atricapilla
  26. Great Egret Ardea alba
  27. Purple Heron Ardea purpurea
  28. Grey-rumped Treeswift Hemiprocne longipennis
  29. Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta
  30. Edible-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus
  31. Mentawai Scops Owl Otus mentawi
  32. Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus
  33. Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela
  34. Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle Nisaetus alboniger
  35. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus
  36. White-bellied Sea Eagle Icthyophaga leucogaster
  37. Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris
  38. Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus
  39. Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting
  40. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis
  41. Rufous-backed Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx rufidorsa
  42. Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis
  43. Ruddy Kingfisher Halcyon coromanda
  44. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis
  45. Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus
  46. Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Loriculus galgulus
  47. Green Broadbill Calyptomena viridis
  48. Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis
  49. Sumatran Drongo Dicrurus sumatranus
  50. Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus
  51. Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea
  52. Tiger Shrike Lanius tigrinus
  53. Sunda Crow Corvus enca
  54. Ashy Tailorbird Orthotomus ruficeps
  55. Pacific Swallow Hirundo javanica
  56. Black-headed Bulbul Microtarsus melanocephalos
  57. Olive-winged Bulbul Pycnonotus plumosus
  58. Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa
  59. Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeum trigonostigma
  60. Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum
  61. Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra
  62. Yellow-eared Spiderhunter Arachnothera chrysogenys
  63. Brown-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis
  64. Van Hasselt’s Sunbird Leptocoma brasiliana
  65. Copper-throated Sunbird Leptocoma calcostetha
  66. Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja
  67. Asian Fairy-bluebird Irena puella
  68. Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata
  69. White-headed Munia Lonchura maja
  70. Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus
  71. Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus
  72. Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea
27Mar/26

Mapping Shade Grown Coffee Potential for Javan Gibbon Habitat Inclusivity

Blog Post, Uncategorized, , ,

Javan gibbon family

by Sidiq Harjanto & Muhammad Kuswoto

Coffee has become an integral part of the Javan Gibbon habitat landscape in the Petungkriyono Forest, Pekalongan Regency. There is a clear overlap between the economic needs of the community and the integrity of the forest as a habitat for various wildlife, including this endangered endemic primate. This is not to mention the numerous functions of the forest, such as maintaining the water cycle and binding the soil and preventing landslides. Continuing our efforts to find a balance between these various interests, this year, with support from Air Asia Foundation we continue previous Owa coffee project and expanding our shade-grown coffee development scheme.

Over the past month, we have been conducting data collection on coffee farming communities. This survey was conducted in ten locations, covering six villages near the forest in three sub-districts that serve as buffer zones for the Javan Gibbon habitat in the Petungkriyono Forest. This data collection spans contrasting ecological and socio-economic gradients, from relatively lowlands—approximately 300 meters above sea level—to highlands above 1,500 meters above sea level, ranging from forest farming communities to intensive vegetable farming communities.
This data collection not only captures aspects of coffee cultivation but also attempts to delve into the diverse characteristics of these communities, from their social interaction patterns to their relationships with forest resources in general. Data collection methods included interviews to examine several aspects: the coffee plantation management model used, the potential for commodities other than coffee, and other activities carried out in the forest. To gain a firsthand understanding of coffee cultivation practices, we conducted direct visits to community-managed coffee plantations.

mixed garden-Coffee shade

Coffee Agroforestry Spectrum

We summarized several interesting points. In terms of coffee production, due to the extreme variations in altitude, coffee-producing locations have specific profiles. Seven locations produce Robusta coffee, while the other three locations predominantly produce Arabica coffee. Excelsa and Liberica coffee varieties were also found, but in relatively small quantities.

We found three main spectrums of coffee cultivation patterns around the Javan gibbon habitat, which we have termed as: mixed gardens, simple agroforests, and shade forests. Essentially, all types are forms of agroforestry, but differ in their structure and complexity. First, mixed gardens refer to relatively intensive coffee cultivation (with grafting, pruning, and sometimes fertilization) combined with commodity crops such as cloves,albizia, durian, avocado, and bananas. This practice is generally carried out on private gardens or in easily accessible forest land.
Second, simple agroforests involve coffee cultivation combined with food crops such as vegetables or corn. This practice is common in highland areas where Arabica coffee is the main commodity. Coffee is planted as a border crop or intercrop in vegetable or corn fields. Occasionally, shade trees, both wild and commercial species, are also found, creating a similar pattern to mixed gardens. However, intensive coffee management is rare in this type.
Third, the rustic shade type, which cultivates coffee within forest areas and grows under the shade of forest trees. In this practice, the coffee plants receive minimal care and maintenance; they generally grow taller by competing with the forest trees for sunlight. In this type, the coffee is part of the forest strata itself. This type is most conducive to wildlife, including the Javan gibbon. We observed several good practices in shaded coffee management, for example: the conservation of certain tree species for shade, such as the bento tree (Artocarpus elasticus).

rustic shade grown coffee in Sawanganronggo forest

Extractive Activities in Coffee-Producing Villages

In addition to exploring coffee potential from village to village, we also sought information on community activities related to forests. We found that extractive activities persist, including wildlife poaching. This poaching issue involves various interconnected factors.

We identified three main typologies of poaching activities based on motivation. First, economic motives: some residents engage in poaching as a survival strategy to cover income gaps from the primary sector, particularly agriculture, which is not yet optimal. They generally target songbird species that have economic value. Second, recreational motives: some others see this activity as a hobby, a way to fill free time, or a way to satisfy a passion that has become ingrained in their daily lives. Third, pest control motives: some communities view hunting as an effort to control the population of animals considered agricultural pests, such as wild boar and longtailed macaques.

We strive to understand these three dimensions neutrally so that we can offer interventions that are not confrontational, but rather more sustainable value substitutions. This data collection is the initiative for a program to increase farmers’ capacity in coffee processing and conservation efforts, especially for those whose side activities involve wildlife hunting. This scheme aims to expand the impact of the Coffee and Primates Project, which launched Owa Coffee more than a decade ago.

New ground zero for owa-guarding coffee

As a follow-up, we will collaborate with 25 farmers who will become pioneers in a capacity building program over the next year. Our primary focus is building a long-term commitment to shift their energy and resources from hunting to shade-grown coffee management. This effort is aimed at improving the economic well-being of farming families through agroforestry-based coffee, while simultaneously reducing hunting activities in the Petungkriyono Forest.

Of course, there is no single recipe for resolving these problems, but there are several proposals. Economic Resilience Strategy: Increase product added value through post-harvest improvements and crop diversification within coffee plantations (multi-commodity). The goal is to ensure income from shade-grown coffee is more stable and profitable than extractive activities in the forest. Farmers are encouraged not to rely solely on coffee as a single commodity, but to combine it with various other commodities.

Prestige and Skills Strategy: Shift the “challenge” and “enjoyment” aspects from challenging hunting activities to other competitive, productive environments, such as specialty coffee. The enjoyment of exploring the forest also presents opportunities to engage farmers in participatory biodiversity data collection and monitoring through citizen science. The contributions of young farmers in Mendolo Village to this scheme have proven this.

It is undeniable that wildlife conflicts are often the tip of the iceberg of larger and more complex problems. The emergence of disturbances to cultivated crops by wildlife can be caused by disruptions to the ecosystem balance, for example, due to the loss of predators. Ecological Literacy Strategy (ecoliteracy): Implemented to increase the understanding of farming communities regarding the importance of maintaining ecosystem balance for the sustainability of our agriculture.

It could be said that this data collection marks a new milestone for the long journey ahead, where our collaborative efforts for farmer welfare and Javan gibbon habitat preservation will grow side by side within a single, inclusive, productive landscape. Mainstreaming shade-grown coffee not only maintains the economic resilience of farming communities but also maintains habitat connectivity—an absolute prerequisite for wildlife conservation. This means that the principle of inclusivity applies not only to fellow humans but also extends to providing space for wildlife.

16Mar/26

Learning English, Protecting Gibbons: SwaraOwa Scholarship for Village Youth

Blog Post, , ,

from left to right : Iyan, Lukni, Alek

by : Imam Taufiqurrahman

Nowadays, foreign languages—especially English—have become essential to learn. Mastery of this language is essential for interacting with the global community. English proficiency is a prerequisite in many fields, particularly in tourism.
The tourism sector, in the form of wildlife ecotourism, developed by Swaraowa in Kayupuring and Mendolo villages, is also meeting this need. As villages with abundant wildlife potential and attracting numerous international tourists, developing the English language skills of the villagers is crucial and essential.

That’s what motivated Swaraowa to facilitate three young men, Lukni Al Khabib and Feri Fitriyanto from Kayupuring Village, Petungkriyono District, and Alek Ripa’i from Mendolo Village, Lebakbarang District, to learn English. The three have been involved in the development of special interest tourism, gibbon watching, in Kayupuring and Mendolo, which has attracted international tourists for at least the past three years. They are also members of the biodiversity monitoring team, which conducts participatory wildlife observation activities, particularly of the Javan gibbon, in their villages every two months.

They became the first recipients of English language scholarships from Swaraowa in 2026. For one month, from January 12 to February 8, 2026, the three had the opportunity to study at Kampung Inggris Pare, Kediri, East Java. They received intensive learning, not only in the classroom but also in their daily lives while living in the dormitory.

Practically, these young people take part in a conversation class program which aims to prepare participants to be able to actively speak English. This program forges confidence in communicating so that you are able to converse fluently and master various types of vocabulary, including grammar.
English language course activities in an environment like the English village also foster self-confidence in Lukni, Alek and Iyan, who live in the forest every day, meet with course friends from various regions in Indonesia, exchange experiences and of course help promote the Javan gibbon among their friends.

The three truly took advantage of the learning opportunity in Kampung Pare as a means of self-development. During their stay, they interacted and gained experience with other participants from various regions in Indonesia.
Each weekend, they were each assigned to write a weekly story and experience. The content included both classroom learning and their daily activities in Kampung Inggris Pare. They undoubtedly experienced many stories, both joys and sorrows (notes are available in the link at the end of this article). At the end of their notes, each shared their impressions and reflections on the various experiences they had experienced.

We’ve excerpted them here:

Lukni Al Khabib:
After one month of studying at Brilliant Kampung England, I felt a significant improvement in my English skills, especially in speaking and vocabulary mastery. Daily practice, supportive tutors, and a friendly environment make the learning process effective and enjoyable. This program provided valuable experience and motivation for me to continue improving my English skills in the future. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to SwaraOwa and my colleagues at Swaraowa. Thank you for providing a scholarship to study English in Pare.

Ferry Fitriyanto (Iyan):
I say a big thank you to Swaraowa, with this scholarship from Swaraowa I can learn English because this opportunity is not available to everyone. And I have a desire to continue my English lessons in Kampung England for maximum results.

Alek Ripa’i:
It’s really fun and exciting to study here. Thanks to Swaraowa for giving me this opportunity! And last but not least! Thanks to all my tutors, my classmates, campmates, and everyone in Kampung England. Thank you, for all the good memories, and I will see you when I see you!

They, the young generation from the villages that are home to the Javan gibbon, have raised hopes for the future. They will represent their communities, showcasing the potential of their respective villages. Going forward, their role as ambassadors will be to welcome, interact, and communicate with the global community that visits their villages.

Translated from original article : https://swaraowa.blogspot.com/2026/03/beasiswa-swaraowa-bahasa-inggris.html

05Mar/26

From Java to Papua: Bridging Biodiversity and Climate Solutions

Blog Post, , , ,

by Arif Setiawan

FM12 Sympoium and NBCS confrence, West Papua

The first international conference in 2026,represent Swaraowa. When I learned that this event, scheduled for mid-2025, would be held in Papua, I immediately prepared my abstract and registered. This 12th Flora Malesiana botanist meeting will be combined with the first nature-based climate solutions conference, offering an opportunity to visit the Dream Island of Papua.

As an introduction, in the context of botany, plant science, and biogeography, the term Malesiana refers to a floristic region with similar botanical characteristics, not to the name of the country of Malaysia or Melanesia.

Flora Malesiana is an international flora project that aims to name, describe, and inventory the flora of all vascular plants in Malesia, a region encompassing Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, Timor-Leste, and Papua New Guinea. The Malesian biodiversity region harbors an extraordinary diversity of vascular plants with over 41,500 species currently recognized and reported from the region (Plants of the World Online). In short, “Malesiana” is a biological identity that unites the islands of Southeast Asia, including Papua, based on their natural resources, regardless of their respective political borders.

The symposium is held every three years, and this year, the 12th edition was held in Papua, from February 9-14, 2026. The 12th Flora Malesiana (FM12) meeting is a gathering of plant experts to update flora projects from representatives of each region or taxa. This year, it was held concurrently with the Nature-Based Climate Solutions (NBCS) conference, according to the organizers, due to the link between plant richness and climate resilience. Research and Policy Synergy: FM12 focuses on documenting and preserving plant diversity, while NBCS focuses on utilizing nature to address climate change. This integration aims to ensure that scientific data on flora can directly inform climate solution policies.

booth swaraowa during the confrence

Why is swaraOwa present at this event? Nature-Based Climate Solutions—this is the theme swaraOwa was able to attend, as swaraOwa’s activities in Central Java for Javan Gibbon conservation are a form of nature-based climate solutions activities. Even more special, the committee recognized SwaraOwa as a keynote speaker at the conference, and also exhibited its Owa Coffee exhibition booth from February 9th to 13th at Manokwari City Mall.

The symposium opened at the West Papua Governor’s Office. According to committee chairman Prof. Charlie D. Heatubun, the event was attended by approximately 300 people from 15 countries. In his remarks, West Papua Governor Dominggus Mandacan, governor and chief of the Arfak tribe, stated that West Papua Province, with forest cover exceeding 70% of its territory, grows on a thin layer of soil. When damaged, forests take a long time to recover. The Governor, who received the 2019 Global Conservation Hero award, conveyed the philosophy that Papua’s forests are mothers. This expression means forests are a source of life, strength, protection, and compassion that must be maintained sustainably for the Papuan people.

on behalf of Swaraowa presenting Nature Based Climate Solution confrence

The second day, from February 10th to the fourth day, the symposium took place at the Swissbell Hotel. In Manokwari, SwaraOwa joined as a speaker at the Nature-Based Climate Solutions event, with a presentation titled “Bridging Biodiversity and Livelihoods: The Javan Gibbon Conservation Model.”

During the exhibition, SwaraOwa presented products from its community development and livelihood conservation programs for the Javan Gibbon. Participants and the general public from Manokwari appreciated the SwaraOwa booth, which served as a platform for further discussion, exchange experiences, and forge new conservation networks. Participants also had the opportunity to sample gibbon coffee, which is currently an ambassador for gibbon conservation in Papua.

The final day, February 13th, was a highly anticipated field trip, as the committee offered a visit to the Arfak Mountains, the natural habitat of endemic Papuan birds. At 6 a.m., about 70 of us, in a convoy of over 20 dualcab 4×4, headed to our first destination, Kwau Village, a birdwatching tourist destination. The road to the location was in excellent condition, with steep ups and downs, but it was easily traversed.

The villages appeared to be developed, with permanent buildings. There were also traditional houses, the “house of a thousand pillars,” a traditional house native to the Arfak mountain tribe. These wooden houses featured numerous small pillars and bark walls. The journey was very pleasant, flanked by dense forests and distinctive mountain vegetation.

Mating site of Vogelkop bowerbird-Burung Pintar

Around 10 a.m., we arrived in Kwau village. We were immediately divided into several groups to observe the Papuan birds-of-paradise. One of the highlights here was the Vogelkop bowerbird (Amblyornis inornate), “burung pintar”. This intelligence stems from its unique mating behavior. It builds large nests, up to one meter in diameter, on the ground, and arranges the nest’s materials based on color and size, meticulously to attract females.

However, that morning, due to the large group and the late morning, we were unable to witness this bird in action. We only witnessed the completed nest, with its attractive, complex architecture: branches arranged to resemble a hut, between 40 cm to one meter high. The male bird cleaned the hut/nest entrance area, and curated objects, aesthetics, and color curation of materials, including plastic waste and bottle caps, which were grouped by color to attract female bird. Research suggests this bird has a larger brain than other birds, demonstrating an evolutionary intelligence that offsets its less attractive appearance. This bird was seen around its nest, but it wasn’t well documented due to its dark color and inadequate lighting. However, seeing this bird with my eyes is a lifer’s luck.

giant banana tree

In the Kwau forest, we can also see the giant banana tree, endemic to Papua (Musa ingens), the largest herbaceous species in the world, growing among the dense forests of the Arfak mountains, its trunk towering three times higher than a typical banana tree, and its diameter exceeding 80 cm. This banana trunk appears whiter than most banana trunks, and the fruit is small, and according to information the fruit is not edible. The giant banana was first identified by a British botanist, in 1954, by Norman Willison Simmonds.

Kwau villages , Arfak Mountain landscape

Undohotma field station Anggi-Giji lake

The next destination of our journey took us up to the summit of the Arfak Mountains, to Undohotma village, near Lake Anggi, a mountain lake at an altitude of 1,800-2,000 meters above sea level. Here, we visited the research, conservation, and economic development center, managed by Bentara Papua and the University of Papua. It conducts biodiversity research and promotes sustainable management and economic activities for local residents. The Anggi coffee production center, along with Arabica coffee, and a collection of flora typical of the Arfak Mountains, are also located here.

The mountainous landscape, with two separate lakes, Lake Giji and Lake Gida, is a feast for the eyes. Typical mountain mossy vegetation, such as Rhododendrons and pitcher plants, are easily observed around the lakes. This visit to Lake Anggi concluded our trip to Papua. We hope to visit again sometime in the near future.

31Dec/25

Mentawai Wildlife Tourism: New Potential Amidst Challenges

Blog Post, , , ,

Bokkoi Macaca siberu

by : Arif Setiawan

Mentawai has long been known worldwide as a surfing paradise and for its exotic culture. However, another potential is starting to attract attention: wildlife tourism. Imagine exploring the Siberut forest, hearing the sounds of the Mentawai bilou primates, or seeing endemic birds flitting through the trees. This is an experience unlike mainstream tourism.

Since 2016, SwaraOwa, along with local partners, has pioneered this special interest tourism initiative. Observation sites are provided in Toloulago village, and in the past two years, 30 visitors from 11 countries have visited Toloulago. This location was chosen based on a 2012 study on the distribution of bilou throughout the Mentawai Islands. In collaboration with a team in South Siberut, the team is led by experienced guides Vinsensius Tateburuk and Ismael Saumanuk. 2025 marked a significant milestone: seminars, new location surveys, and cross-agency coordination were held to mainstream wildlife tourism as a new option. The hope was that this activity would not just be an attraction, but also provide economic benefits to the community while preserving wildlife.

Support came from various parties. Academics, journalists, local government officials, and even local guides joined the discussion. A webinar titled “Mentawai Primates as a Special Interest Tourism Attraction: Challenges and Opportunities” was held by swaraOwa on September 23, 2025, with over 150 participants attending online. A recording of this event can be viewed on YouTube: https://youtu.be/kppuhAjOpw0?si=DyMWbNDuCWLzpE71.

Matotonan Village in South Siberut is even being developed as a wildlife tourism village. This initiative demonstrates that nature tourism can be a compromise: strengthening Mentawai cultural identity while opening up sustainable economic opportunities. This initiative from the local government has brought together the Tourism Office and SwaraOwa for several in-person discussions, held on November 24, 2025, in Tuapejat, followed by an online meeting on December 9, 2025.

Meeting with the Tourism, Youth, and Sports Office in Tuapejat, Sipora, November 24, 2025.

However, challenges remain. Limited infrastructure, difficult geographic access, pressure from the extractive industry—timber concessions—and primate poaching still loom. Therefore, SwaraOwa emphasizes the importance of a shared understanding: wildlife is not an object to be controlled at will. This tourism must be developed with a long-term commitment to truly benefit the indigenous people and preserve Mentawai’s uniqueness. Investment in human resources for special interest tour guides and tourism management is also crucial, and independence must be encouraged.

wildlife watching guide in Sipora :Mateus Sakaliau, Erwin Tatubeket and Ismael Saumanuk

Mentawai now has another potential, but it has not yet been fully realized. If surfing brings world-class waves to its shores, then wildlife tourism can bring its forests and endemic animals to the hearts of visitors. Cultivating a sense of pride and appreciation for biodiversity among the Mentawai people, and safeguarding endangered primate populations for future generations. This enormous potential awaits realization—with cooperation, patience, and a love of nature.

31Dec/25

Gibbon Tourism: Integrating Conservation and the Village Economy

Blog Post, , , ,

gibbon spotting, gibboning in Sokokembang

by Arif Setiawan

Behind the Mendolo and Sokokembang forests, the echo of gibbons is not just a call of nature, but a golden opportunity for conservation and community well-being. Since 2023, swaraOwa, through Primate and Aves Tour- https://www.primavestour.com/ , has pioneered a new special interest tourism path: wildlife observation, led by Imam Taufiqurrahman, an ornithologist who bridges the world of science with the travel experience. Imam, through primavest, has also opened an unprecedented wildlife observation tour route in Central Java.

A series of meetings with the Mendolo community were held in March 2025 and April 2025 to support the protection of wildlife and their habitats at the local level. These meetings resulted in a village-level agreement to protect primates, birds, river fish, and the village forest. The swaraOwa team also built the capacity of local guides through monthly monitoring activities (read here for last year 2024 workshop series in Kayupuring and in Mendolo) This activity also trained guides to map observation routes and honed their interpretation and narrative skills, which they would later share with visitors. In 2025, Primavestour and SwaraOwa hosted 15 gibbon-watching tour packages, including a total of 66 people. All came from abroad (Belgium, Germany, and Spain). Two groups (12 people) were also hosted by domestic visitors through other local tour operators.

More than just a trip, wildlife tourism reduces poaching practices because communities view wildlife as valuable living assets. It also generates new, previously unavailable sources of income, from guide services and homestays to local culinary delights. The presence of tourists fosters hospitality services in villages, strengthening residents’ skills in welcoming guests to international standards.

Most importantly, this activity fosters a positive appreciation for biodiversity among forest dwellers. Animals once considered commonplace are now seen as a source of village pride, a symbol of identity, and a source of future prosperity.

This special interest tourism potential is highly feasible, but management improvements are still needed, working with local governments and forestry stakeholders. However, at least the primary local guides to guide tourists are already in place. In addition to publications through tourism exhibitions, trip reports in international wildlife watch magazines, such as mammalwatching.com, are significantly helpful in promoting and marketing this special interest tourism. https://www.mammalwatching.com/community-post/javan-primate-weekend/.

PS : swaraOwa organize primate watching tour in Java, and Mentawai Island , please book your tour through https://www.primavestour.com/, or contact us at [email protected] .

 

31Dec/25

Sokokembang Gibbon Conservation Education Center: A Bridge of Knowledge, Culture, and Action

Blog Post

swraowa conservation education center

by Arif Setiawan

In the heart of Sokokembang Forest, Petungkriyono, complementing the educational facilities that had already been established, a new building now stands as a symbol of hope—especially for the Swaraowa team—to continue amplifying the voices of conservation in this region of extraordinary biodiversity.
The Gibbon Conservation Education Center was constructed between June and December 2025, thoughtfully designed by local architects from Yogyakarta, Ms. Puspita Agus and her husband Mr. Faiz Rizka Alimy, who deeply understood the cultural and ecological context of the area. Equally important were the local builders—stone masons and carpenters—who translated the architectural drawings into reality. Their innovations included replacing the planned red brick walls with cut red roof tiles, a solution that was more cost-efficient yet aesthetically pleasing. The floors were made from irregularly arranged natural stone framed neatly, enhancing the natural feel. The ceiling was crafted from woven bamboo, adding a traditional touch.

gibbon watch at veranda of education center

More Than a Physical Space
This building is not merely a physical structure, but a vessel for:
• Conservation Education: Introducing communities and visitors to the importance of protecting the Javan gibbon and the forest ecosystem.
• Community Empowerment: Providing meeting spaces, training facilities, and opportunities for conservation-based creative economies.
• Research: Supporting researchers, especially young scholars and local university students, in studying ecology, biodiversity, forest systems, social dynamics, and conservation strategies.

Originally, the house served as a kitchen and dining area for guests and training participants in Sokokembang. However, its condition became unsuitable, prompting a redesign to improve comfort and better support future activities.

Design Inspired by Local Culture
The building measures 12 x 9 meters, with a concept centered on kitchens and dining spaces as places for gathering, socializing, and interaction. It features two kitchens: one traditional wood-fired kitchen reflecting Petungkriyono’s atmosphere, and one modern kitchen. A coffee roasting machine and display shelves for Owa Coffee packaging were also included. This concept was inspired by the mountain community culture of Petungkriyono, where kitchens are central to family and neighborly gatherings (locally known as ngendong—visiting and socializing). In such spaces, conversations flow freely, ideas emerge spontaneously, and bonds are strengthened while surrounded by the lush forest.

murall at the wall of the center

Visual Education Through Art
Inside, the walls are adorned with murals depicting native wildlife of Petungkriyono: the Javan gibbon as the icon, Javan langur, blue-banded kingfisher, bees, wild boar, leopard, and more. These works were created by mural artist Mr. Agil from Mesoyi Village, Talun District, near the gibbon’s habitat.

A Growing Center of Activity
By the end of 2025, several events had already utilized the facility. For example, 21 participants of a gibbon survey methods training used the dining and interaction spaces, as well as the gibbon observation terrace. Other organizations have also held events here. The center follows a “growing” concept, meaning it can be expanded as needed. Currently, classrooms and multimedia facilities support teaching and learning activities. A traditional wooden limasan house in the northern section, called Omah Owa Lor, serves as an indoor lecture space and provides two guest rooms (capacity of five people each) and two bathrooms for speakers and visitors.

Integrating Nature and Daily Life
The site also includes a garden area for native flora collections, tree nurseries, and food crops such as chili, vegetables, cassava, and fish ponds that cultivate local river species from Sokokembang.

A Symbol of Collaboration
The Sokokembang Javan Gibbon Co

nservation Education Center is a bridge between science, culture, and real action. It is a space where local communities, researchers, and visitors can meet, learn, and collaborate for the sustainable future of Petungkriyono’s forests.
Special thanks go to Fort Wayne Zoo, whose support made the construction of this conservation education facility possible.

Translated from original article in bahasa here : https://swaraowa.blogspot.com/2025/12/pusat-edukasi-konservasi-owasokokembang.html 

29Dec/25

Mendolo Food Week 2025: Weaving Food, Art, and Conservation for the Future of the Forest

Blog Post, ,

women prepared food in Mendolo food week

by Sidiq Harjanto

The Mendolo Food Week 2025 became a vital moment for the people of Mendolo Village to weave together traditions of food, art, and conservation. Long before the event, women from the Brayanurip Women Farmers Group had prepared keluwek from pucung seeds, while young members of the Mendolo Youth Farmers Association practiced dances with their younger siblings. For days, villagers gathered forest vegetables and mushrooms, decorated the stage with natural materials, and curated menus based on forest produce—showing how food, culture, and nature are deeply connected.

Jingkrak Sundang dance

food prepared from the forest

More than just a food festival, Food Week served as a conservation hub under the theme “Food and Ecosystem Connectivity.” Collaboration between SwaraOwa, the village government, and local communities has fostered sustainable economic programs such as shade-grown coffee, stingless bee honey, and gadung flour, alongside conservation efforts like tree planting for forest corridors. The highlight was the launch of the “Titian Lestari” program, which carries three missions: building habitat corridors for the Javan gibbon, educating youth about forests and wildlife, and empowering women in forest management.

branyan urip dancers

Art played an integral role in strengthening the conservation message. Children’s performances such as Gaculan Bocah and Jingkrak Sundang brought joy while also evoking empathy for wildlife losing their habitats. Combined with 31 forest-based dishes served to guests, Mendolo Food Week 2025 affirmed that food traditions, artistic expression, and conservation are inseparable—an enduring collective effort to safeguard forests, wildlife, and the future of generations to come.

This aricle translated from original article published in bahasa : https://swaraowa.blogspot.com/2025/12/pekan-pangan-mendolo-2025-pangan-dan.html

 

29Dec/25

Daily Climate Characteristics of Sokokembang Forest 2025: Hydrological and Ecological Implications

Blog Post, , ,

by : Arif Setiawan
Notes based on weather monitoring equipment installed at the Owajawa SwaraOwa-Sokokembang education and conservation center, January 1, 2025-December 29, 2025.
[disclaimer: there are days when the device does not record data due to the power source being turned off from the device]

Throughout 2025, the Sokokembang forest experienced weather dynamics typical of humid tropical regions. Air temperatures ranged from 21°C to 31°C, with a heat index often higher than the actual temperature, indicating high humidity. This condition makes the air feel hotter, especially as humidity slows the evaporation of sweat. For forest animals and plants, this humidity requires further study to determine its impact. The Swaraowa team’s research on gibbons (gibbons) found a correlation between air humidity and the vocalizing behavior of Javan gibbons.

Rainfall shows an uneven pattern. Most days of the year are recorded without rain, indicating a long dry period. However, heavy rainfall does come in short, intense bursts. The highest rainfall peak occurred on December 2, reaching 63 mm in a single day—a crucial event that moistens the soil, fills rivers, and refreshes entire forest layers. In January, rain begins to return slowly after twenty dry days, with light to moderate intensity, peaking at around 14.4 mm before tapering off.

Rainfall records during the Petungkriyono landslide disaster on January 20, 2025
Several days before and after the landslide and during the landslide, electricity in Sokokembang often went out, so the equipment could not record daily climate data in Sokokembang.

Hydrological Implications
Increased runoff : Dry, hard soil has difficulty absorbing water quickly. Heavy rain in a short period tends to run off directly onto the surface, increasing the risk of local flooding or erosion.
Limited infiltration: Rainwater does not have time to seep into the ground, so groundwater reserves do not increase optimally.
River discharge fluctuations: Rivers can suddenly overflow during heavy rain, then recede quickly after the rain stops. The characteristics of rivers in the Petungkriyono Mountains: heavy rain in the upper reaches, while there is no rain in the middle and lower reaches/downstream, can cause unexpected flooding downstream.

Ecological Implications

Vegetation stress: Prolonged dry periods cause plants to experience water deficits. Sudden heavy rains don’t always immediately reverse the situation because roots need time to absorb the water.
Animal habitats: Arboreal animals (e.g. gibbons) may experience changes in activity patterns.
Forest productivity: Rainfall surges can encourage the growth of fungi, mosses, and understory plants, but also increase the risk of plant diseases due to sudden moisture surges.

Social & Conservation Implications
Landslide risk: Slopes that are dry and then suddenly saturated with water are more susceptible to landslides.
Community water availability: Long dry periods can reduce clean water supplies, while short periods of heavy rainfall are not enough to replenish reserves.
Flood and heavy rain warnings in the upper reaches of the river (around Petungkriyono sub-district), which are forwarded to villages along the river and downstream of the river which originates in Petungkriyono.
Conservation planning: This data is important for managing field activities, such as avoiding surveys during periods of potential extreme rainfall, or preparing community adaptation strategies for uneven climate patterns.

???? In short : prolonged dry periods weaken the soil’s and ecosystem’s absorption capacity, so sudden heavy rainfall causes more surface runoff than soil fertilization. The impacts can include local flooding, erosion, and disruption to the forest’s ecological cycle.

translated from original article here : https://swaraowa.blogspot.com/2025/12/karakteristik-iklim-harian-sokokembang.html

 

28Dec/25

Why is it Important to Count the Mentawai Bilou Population?

Blog Post, , ,

Bilou, the mentawai Gibbon observed in Saguruju customary forest

By: Arif Setiawan, Aloysius Yoyok, Nur Aoliya, Kurnia Latifiana, Kurnia Ahmaddin,

The bilou, the endemic gibbon of the Mentawai Islands ( Hylobates klosii ), is unlike any other animal. It is part of the Mentawai people’s story. Its early morning call signifies the forest’s survival. Mentawaians believe that if a bilou calls in the early morning, it signals a bad omen, such as a death or an impending disaster. If the call is gone, where will we learn about these natural omens? If we know how many bilou are left, we can ensure the forest remains healthy, as bilou help disperse tree seeds and maintain the balance of nature.

If we don’t count the population, we don’t know whether the bilou are dwindling or whether they are still safe. Population is the number of individuals occupying a specific area of ​​habitat. It’s like counting the number of children in a village: if there are fewer, we worry about the village’s future being deserted. The same is true for bilou—if their population declines, it’s a sign that our forests are ailing.

What are the Benefits for us:

– Know the condition of the forest: lots of bilou = healthy forest.

– Preserving cultural heritage: bilou is part of Mentawai identity.

– Attracting global attention: population data can help gain support for protecting forests.

– Ensuring the future: our children and grandchildren can still hear the sound of the bilou in the forest.

So, counting the bilou population isn’t just about numbers. It’s how we protect our shared home, ensure the forest remains alive, and preserve the Mentawai story.

Location map of the bilou survey  on triangulastion set locations

The Siripok Bilou team, formed in early 2025, successfully conducted a survey to estimate the number of bilou in selected areas on Siberut. We surveyed nine customary forest areas based on recommendations from the local Citra Mandiri Foundation. Using the vocal count-triangulation survey method, the survey was conducted based on bilou sounds. Observers conducted the survey using a triangulation system (three observation points in different locations, with a distance of 300-500 meters between them). These three points were then repeated for four consecutive days to listen and estimate the distance. The assumption was that the same group would vocalize at the same location for four consecutive days.

Population analysis was conducted using the same point count formula used in previous Bilou population estimates (Setiawan et al. 2020; Whittaker et al. 1995). To determine the area, we used a habitat suitability analysis, which can be read here: https://swaraowa.blogspot.com/2025/12/dimana-bilou-bersuara-pemetaan-habitat.html

Mentawai bilou population calculation table in 2025

From the population analysis that we conducted, the estimated population of bilou in the customary forest area in South Siberut (11 locations) with an area of ​​approximately 208.64 km 2 is approximately 396 individuals consisting of 146 (96-186) groups.

These results are preliminary from a survey that will be conducted throughout Mentawai and are subject to change based on the latest information obtained from field teams that have, are, or will conduct surveys at other locations in the Mentawai Islands. For discussions regarding this analysis, please contact [email protected].